In cattle, what term describes the genetic potential to pass traits from one generation to the next?

Heritability is the term that specifically refers to the genetic potential to pass traits from one generation to the next. It quantifies the proportion of observed variation in a trait among individuals that is attributable to genetic differences. In the context of cattle breeding, understanding heritability is essential, as it helps breeders predict how well certain traits, such as growth rate or milk production, can be improved in future generations through selection.

Genetic drift, while an important evolutionary concept, describes random changes in allele frequencies within a population over time, particularly in small populations, rather than the transmission of specific traits across generations. Phenotypic variation refers to the observable physical and physiological differences among individuals, which can be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors but does not necessarily indicate genetic inheritance. Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, pertains to the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring, resulting from the genetic combination of different breeds, rather than a direct measure of genetic potential for trait inheritance.

Therefore, heritability is the most accurate choice when discussing the genetic potential for trait transmission in cattle.